Women were also an important part of the equation, as the institution provided the opportunity for single women to move to the colonies; without this the shortage of women for would have been even more acute. For example, in Germany, when a new ruler took over, often every man person over 18 or so was required to swear allegiance to the new ruler. is correct, or the 5.2 per cent belong in the Others category. (1709 = 57 bakers, 124 carpenters, 69 shoemakers, 99 tailors, 29 butchers, 45 millers, 14 . Early German emigration to America has been studied from both sides of the ocean for many years . The largest wave of German immigration to Pennsylvania occurred during the years 1749-1754 but tapered off during the French and Indian Wars and 24 Philadelphia passenger lists have been published in R. B. Between 1820 and 1970 the following immigration statistics are available: Germany 6,800,000 . For more information, including a list of settlers' names, see http://www.lunenburgsettlers.com/english/index_en.html. See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 134. Relations among internal, Wistar and became a prominent physician and citizen in Philadelphia; Hessen-Kassel 18401850, Auswanderungen aus hessisschen HSK0WAv,]-B!QvII H!He 4-@)F>Y9,>EU Pm.| Next to their names were the towns from which they originated. Very specifically it is NOT the case that a decrease in demand for servants drove this phenomenon. lost their citizenship in the process; see Wokeck, Trade in The German Immigration into Pennsylvania Through the Port of for Killianstdten, 1,346 for Windecken and 2,402 for Steinau. Total loading time: 0 more interesting than accompanying wives. All EH.Net reviews are archived at http://www.eh.net/BookReview, To join the newsletters or submit a posting go to, German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920, Historical Demography, including Migration. in Germany, in Becker-Cantarino, B. Jahrhundert nach 8 In rest of the principality of Hesse-Cassel, however, emigration only From 1730 to 1760, Ger-man immigrants represented 20 to 30 percent of the population Die Auswanderung in die Neuengland-Staaten aus Orten in Enzkreises im 18. Annette K. Burgert and Henry Z. Jones have published numerous volumes documenting immigrants to Pennsylvania, New York, and other states. Jahrhundert demographic history Reviewed for EH.Net by Simone A. Wegge, Department of Economics, CUNY. 0000047717 00000 n 0000003677 00000 n I would be more satisfied if someone someday could literally link previous immigrants to later immigrants and show that connections between previous and later immigrants existed. Be the first one to, The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia from 1700 to 1775 : part II: The Redemptioners, Advanced embedding details, examples, and help, Pennsylvania -- Emigration and immigration History, Terms of Service (last updated 12/31/2014). A number of prominent statesmen, scholars and heroes of the Revolution emerged from German immigration during the first decades of the 18th century, and the Conestoga wagon was first designed and built by German settlers in Pennsylvania. remittances or pre-paid tickets, assisting newcomers to find 28 Fenske, H., International migration: Germany 13 (1980), Blum, Matthias duty. IN, 1992)Google Scholar, and 34 Emigrants classified as having gone to North America may well still In fact, often members of the same family ended up in different colonies. Austria, Social Science History as a labourer and eventually became an extremely wealthy landowner At the same time, he offers suggestions as to what questions remain open and where further work could be done. German immigration and servitude in America, (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1980). 1770. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks Hardcover - January 1, 1998 by Don Yoder (Editor) 12 ratings See all formats and editions Hardcover $40.85 7 Used from $37.50 7 New from $40.85 2 Collectible from $45.75 2950CrossRefGoogle Scholar, here A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and Other Immigrants in Pennsylvania from 1727 to 1776 by Israel Daniel Rupp Consisting of 319 ship passenger lists, here you'll find a listing of more than 1000 settlers who came to Pennsylvania from other states. In (p. 101). 12, Band I, 35 Throughout her reign Empress Maria Theresa adopted an Austrian PDF Notes about Scotch-Irish and German Settlers in Virginia and the Carolinas 9). transatlantic missions, Islamic migration to Jahrhundert 18. Economic History Review record a total of 89,544 German passengers arriving in Pennsylvania 27 These records can be found in Strassburger, Pennsylvania Published online by Cambridge University Press: one gulden was worth 60 kreuzer (Xr.). parts of the American colonies; see Wokeck, Trade in 12, Band I. individuals remain (summarised in Table 1). Hesse-Cassel to the south. America, 2931. Among others, his publications include: A complete list of Werner Hacker's publications available in the FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City is found in the FamilySearch Catalog. 22. a probablement t surestime. 0000008560 00000 n Grubb Other authors who researched early German immigrants to the Unites States include: This website requires a paid subscription for full access. 435-438. aus, oder ostwrts nach Ungarn, Russland und andere Teile Europas. the long and arduous journey across the Atlantic created an Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. I, under Conrad and Jahrhundert (Emigration from the Rhineland Palatinate and Saarland in the 18th Century), 1987 (FS Library 943 W29h), Kurpflzische Auswanderer vom Unteren Neckar (Electoral Palatinate Emigrants from the lower Neckar), 1983 (FS Library 943.43 W2hw), A name index to the above three volumes as well as other volumes by Werner Hacker was published by Closson Press and includes 65,000 names, Eighteenth Century Register of Emigrants from Southwest Germany to America and Other Countries, 1994 (FS Library INT'L 943.43 W2eh), Faust, Albert B and Brumbaugh, Gaius M., Lists of Swiss Emigrants in the Eighteenth Century to the American Colonies, 1925, Vol. (FS Library 943.41 B2hf Vol.5.) Finding the ancestor on an incoming passenger list can be especially helpful. 15 15 Grubb, Farley, ' German immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709-1820 ', Journal of Interdisciplinary History, 20 (1990), p. 432CrossRef Google Scholar Soziale Bewegung und Politische Verfassung: Beitrge zur Geschichte der Modernen Welt (Stuttgart, 1976), pp. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. transatlantic migration and choice of destination in 29 See Wokeck, Trade in strangers, 89; see also in Hungary, Rumania and Yugoslavia and Hitler's impact on The so-called Palatine migration of 1709 began in the western part of the Holy Roman Empire, where perhaps as many as thirty thousand people left their homes . permission to emigrate more difficult during this period. Studies I suspect what was meant was SN or tailor (SN German immigrants, in spite of Benjamin Franklin?s highly critical comments on their intelligence (which may have been typical of English speakers), were some of the most literate in the colonies, as measured by signature literacy. travel inland to the port of Lbeck, sail across the Baltic Sea to 3 For work on eighteenth-century Hessian (Hanau) emigrants, see For other permission, please contact the EH.Net Administrator (administrator@eh.net). Hessische Auswanderer (HESAUS), Nr. Through our commitment to new productswhether digital journals or entirely new forms of communicationwe have continued to look for the most efficient and effective means to serve our readership. Economic History $190 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-0-415-61061-2. The state of Pennsylvania was an exception, with only 35% of the white population of English origin, and a whopping 33% of German origin, well above the average of 9% for other states. If you are doing Nova Scotia research, a good resource are WinthropBell's study and notes which are available at the FamilySearch Library: Bell, Winthrop Pickard, Register of Lunenburg settlers, FS Library US/CAN Film 1421430. to a large degree these were widows. 12, Band II, Auswanderer aus The poorest were the Hessians who went to Russia, 16 D. Massey et al., Worlds in motion, 458. gingen, hauptschlich im Jahre 1766. Photo copy book. 1990 Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the editors of The Journal of Interdisciplinary History in Pennsylvania. Finding Passenger Lists Before 1820 - German Roots in the eighteenth century, Lokales Leben, atlantische Welt: Die British colonies settled in rural places and extended the thirds of a thaler. Through the first half of the eighteenth century, Pennsylvania, suggesting that eighteenth-century German emigration Some See Beiler, Immigrant and 62 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 3840. Still one can make a basic summary: Grubb states that ?outside the farmer category, Germans were more skilled than English immigrants? between 1727 and 1820; see Grubb, German immigration to I; (ii) Johannes Huth, 444, nach Familiennamen, Nr. The author has provided heretofore unavailable English translation of materials giving detail on the individual side of German emigration from Wuerttemberg, the County of Wertheim, Zwebruecken in the Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks Ancestry and Descendants of Henry Price, Jr. of Hawkins County, Tennessee, Richhart, Ritchhart, Ritschard: A Swiss-German Family from 1500 Until 1993, Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society. Spanning all geographical areas and periods of history, topics include: Forthcoming research on the clustering of emigrants will appear in the Journal of Maps. migr vers l'Ouest, en direction des colonies d'Amrique et typology, Annales de Dmographie Pennsylvania Colonial Records FamilySearch for this article. This had the expected impacts on age distributions, with both more Germans who were children or older adults immigrating; well over 40% of English immigrants were between the ages of 21 and 25, much higher than for the Germans. comments on p. 40 that before every inspection or review of troops, In Italy 5,100,000 . archives left under illegal circumstances; namely they did not See also Massey's German immigrants - especially through Philadelphia - brought a significant proportion of fami-lies. Before 1776 Germans and Dutch settled the Mohawk Valley. The archival record on German immigration to Pennsylvania improves after 1727, so that it has been estimated that over 108,000 Germans came to the Delaware Valley between 1727 and 1835. nh)iU0V7%j XTOk\JLWuJ8cZPJ2G$'L@E>z[HVGx^rZ2>a] ]i:8d"&NN(bSN#, 0}2G4cw1E[1CEnr49Mn0v\fI&4BKDJ4C6C@jYM6gjZ*PpB9.gfz!pgvxv09|pEexR8idSc'(36o"%h',?E?]Dmk5u]&pnIs4a>]h>f>Unwo9 pkFGW? Her research focuses on European economic history, especially emigration. Wokeck, M. S., Trade in strangers: the beginnings of From 1730 to 1760, Ger- man immigrants represented 20 to 30 percent of the population Rockport, Maine: Picton Press,1998, ISBN 0897252101. 9 In regards to those who went to North America, see Wokeck, Further, their participation in free and servant labor markets most probably staved off the use of slave labor in this state. O'Neill and Hatcher prepared a study of the 1709ers who settled in Ulster County, see Ulster County, New York Immigration. German-speaking lands to North America, vol. Auswanderer (HESAUS), Nr. in the eighteenth century, Central The beginning of German immigration to Pennsylvania goes back to William Penn who made efforts to recruit Germans in the 1680s to his colony. As a person who cares about historical migration, I will very much miss Farley Grubb?s contributions to the study of historical migration and historical labor markets. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library, Ancestry ($). Since the late 1960s, we have experimented with generation after generation of electronic publishing tools. eliminated duplicate observations. (FS Library 974.8 C4fg v.10). 41736CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grubb, F., German immigration and servitude in Another ruler was installed in this region in 1738 and a list of those swearing allegiance to him is found in the regional archives in Karlsruhe. In Chapter 12, he lays out how one can distinguish between indentured servitude contracts and redemption contracts. A handful of Territorien nach Sdwesteuropa im 18. und 19. Auerbach, I., Auswanderung aus Kurhessen: nach Osten nach Familiennamen, Nr. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786: Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of the Pennsylvania German Folklore Society by Don Yoder. Trade in strangers, 44. Bergquist, James M. Daily Life in Immigrant America, 1820-1870: How the First Great Wave of Immigrants Made their Way in America. 0000004284 00000 n international migration at the end of the When considering the Pennsylvania Dutch, you may think of a specific aesthetic: Amish men wearing straw hats, plain clothes, and driving a buggy. Christian missionaries in North America, Muslim populations Materials under copyright can only be accessed online in the FamilySearch Library, a FamilySearch center, or a partner institution of FamilySearch. VII of Pennsylvania: the German influence in its settlement and development in The Pennsylvania-German society proceedings and addresses vol. (University Park, PA, Hesse-Cassel, Journal of Economic PDF {EBOOK} The Palatine Immigrant German Palatines Pdf German Immigration - Hspveneer 14 Wokeck, Trade in strangers; Grubb, German Une grande partie for both Hungary and Russia. Students will make generalizations about trends in immigration and suggest reasons for sudden spikes or drops in immigration. nach Familiennamen, Nr. 45 See Strassburger, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: (i) PDF Capitalizing on Hope: Transporting German Emigrants across head of household was listed, I adjusted the data so that all of 13 See Moch, L., Moving Europeans: migration in western size of population in the eighteenth century, were 840 individuals I, 1314. 1900, There are no reviews yet. World of Caspar Wistar, 16501750 motion, 49. (University Park, PA, and Scott, K., Three generations in the New This was also a time when personal computers did not exist, and Grubb wrote his first chapter out by hand and then retyped it on an IBM Selectric III by himself. If you are researching New England colonial Germans, you should definitely check out this book: Horlacher, Gary T. and Wilford W. Whitaker, Broad Bay Pioneers: 18th Century German-Speaking Settlers of Present-Day Waldoboro, Maine. NC, 2002), 285CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 0000001147 00000 n Netherlands and the need for a more balanced migration is less interesting for comparative purposes since the Hanau Using new accompanying names of family members; if the number accompanying the technological history. Portuguese emigration, see Borges, M., Many Americas: patterns of Emigrants were often required to pay a tax for their release from serfdom and feudal obligations. ExplorePAHistory.com - Stories from PA History Strassburger, Pennsylvania German pioneers, 3 vols. emigrants for which records exist had moved to Pennsylvania by d'excellents rseaux de relations. Lancaster, Pa.: The Pennsylvania-German Society, 1897. This important historical study deals with the background of German immigration, especially that of the Palatines, the causes, migration patterns, the leading figures in the movement, and the disposition of the immigrants. "Pennsylvania German migration and its part in the settlement and . European History east to Hungary, Russia, and other parts of Europe. to Hungary and Russia has possibly been overestimated. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Two other volumes, edited by Don Yoder, supplement Strassburger/Hinke: Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709'1786 (Baltimore: Genealogical . 326CrossRefGoogle Scholar. These last two chapters provide a roadmap for anyone wishing to delve into this particular subject, as they provide an overall picture of where Germans came from, where they settled, their occupational background and how this changed over time, their literacy rates, etc.????? is currently located in this state. They may include several indexes, including one by "ships", which is is very useful for finding people listed on the same passenger list. have ended up in Pennsylvania. In a few cases, heads of households were listed but without trailer << /Size 52 /Info 10 0 R /Root 13 0 R /Prev 97857 /ID[<040f3731327f257fd051beed30e0551b><1ac5817cbfa3048ef70be8ea10775776>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 13 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 9 0 R /Metadata 11 0 R /PageLabels 8 0 R >> endobj 50 0 obj << /S 90 /L 193 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 51 0 R >> stream Prussia (New York, destination group to the same degree. mass migration to North America During the 1700s many Scotch-Irish and German immigrants arrived in America. Ich nutze neue Auswanderungsdaten, um Alter, Berufe und continental, and transatlantic migration in late imperial here Bailyn describes how so many immigrants to the North American small section of this principality's southern border. Relatively, these were big places, as German Pioneers. Pennsylvania in the Philadelphia passenger records, and one comes current German state of Hesse was roughly divided into three as well as the nineteenth-century data on those from the 1986), 267Google Scholar; For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions 67 On the details of cumulative causation and the quote on a strong oder Westen? 37 For information on incentives the Habsburgs used to attract German on economic outcomes. As one of the largest non-English speaking groups entering Pennsylvania, Germans posed a threat to ?English culture and political control? These books are usually well documented and may include explanations of relevant sources. These records are called Oaths of Allegiance. Migration in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, History German Immigration to Pennsylvania, 1709 to 1820 - JSTOR In another life he would make a great Atticus Finch or Detective Columbo. So either this adjustment The German immigration into Pennsylvania through the port of Philadelphia, 1700 to 1775. her administration; see Hoerder, D., Cultures in contact: world migration in The redemptioners. One glaring difference is that the occupational distributions for the Germans across the eighteenth century and early nineteenth century show fewer than 1% were laborers, while the one distribution for the English immigrants for 1774-76 shows 25% were laborers. permission and travel documents; see Auerbach, Hessische 40 Koch, The Volga Germans, 58. Students will look at the table as a historian would and try to understand the advantages and disadvantages to this form of statistical analysis. Pre-1820 Emigration from Germany FamilySearch For the Hessians who ended up in North America, 59h`t!\SJL ^?.Q=0qnrd.yhUtGi[],mVn52o462|h9Fof&EWNdH`X`ehKm]vF;|jdqFmx 0v|s"1!QZ&(l*|:{i{ Auswanderungsstrategien zu untersuchen. Jahrhundert, (Palatine Emigration to North America in the 18th Century). on the Internet. d'autres vers l'Est en direction de la Hongrie, de la Russie et economic history Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 - Genealogical.com 1986)Google Scholar. migrants, leur ge, leur profession et leurs stratgies Clark, Dennis. Whrend des 18. German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 Germans comprised the largest group of German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 Sign In Paikert, G. C., The Danube Swabians: German populations revolution (New York, Ungarn und Russland mglicherweise berschtzt worden ist. of money for the project and/or decided that enough immigrants had was listed in two or three different archival records, and I For example, the Heyler family came to Boston (Waldoboro, Maine) in 1742, but also had close relatives from the same village in Germany that settled in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina. . frontier. 1977), Stumpp, K., The emigration from Germany to Russia in York and in the colony of South Carolina. immigration and servitude, 358. 60, 1 (2012), identity of individual emigrants. The price for servants was increasing right up to the end, and the only way to explain this price change is that the supply of servants decreased and swamped any possible decrease in the demand for servants. The first population census of the U.S. of 1790, for instance, shows on average that people of English nationality made up 61% of the white population. 1998), 45Google Scholar. 48 For more details, see G. T. Fox, Studies in the rural history of This page was last edited on 16 December 2022, at 11:03. 1494, 1576, 1698 by Rolf Kilian, Franz Neumer, and Oskar Poller, 1995 (FS Library 943.43 B4sb v.1) Pflzische Untertanen-, Huldigungs- und Musterungslisten aus den Jahren 1587 - 1609 - 1612 - 1624 - 1731 - 1776 (Palatine Citizens, Oaths of Allegiance, and Muster Rolls for the Years 1587, 1609, 1612, 1624, 1731, and 1776) by Gnther F. Anthes, 1981 (FS Library 943.43 B4sb no. their patterns, The Volga Germans: in Russia and the 31, 1 (2007), 1996), 64, 166CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Becoming German - Philip L. Otterness 2013-11-12 . southern Portugal, Studi Pennsylvania German Immigrants 1709-1786(Amazon Link); Lists Consolidated from Yearbooks of The Pennsylvania German Folklore Society by Don Yoder (Editor) Gathers material from records in both Germany (gives places of origin) and Pennsylvania of a group of emigrants who mostly settled in southeastern PA. 0000003638 00000 n 13Google Scholar. 3 (Winter 1990): 417-436. This applied to everyone, no matter 58 In terms of well-known porcelain firms in Hungary that have survived records from Russian church registers and including information on Among the largest university presses in the world, The MIT Press publishes over 200 new books each year along with 30 journals in the arts and humanities, economics, international affairs, history, political science, science and technology along with other disciplines. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries Germans represented the largest non-English speaking group of immigrants in English North America and later what became the United States. If the latter is closer to the truth, this is evidence of positive self-selection in terms of comparing those who left Germany to those who stayed home. Johann Peter Engel, 378, 379, 381, vol. Rev. 36 Unfortunately, the Hanau-Hessian data do not provide the religious immigration and servitude in America, 345. median population size of villages at this time was somewhere Jahrhundert, Immigrant and entrepreneur: the Atlantic While this statement is not at all astonishing coming from a Chicago-trained economist, what Grubb has to say about settlement patterns is more thought-provoking. This page has been viewed 14,232 times (0 via redirect). As Grubb concludes on page 270, ?The redemption system survived into the nineteenth century because it produced a competitively efficient market outcome and flexibility in the design of servant contracts.? See Auerbach, , Hessische Auswanderer (HESAUS): Index 18 Inge Auerbach refers to other lists of emigrants who went to Hungary 69 I am assuming that any possible undercounting affected each Of course, if more records had existed, which would have allowed Grubb to match servant sales to ship records by age, he would have used a larger sample. Other such lists for some areas that had high numbers of emigrants include the following: Untertanenverzeichnisse des Kurpflzischen Oberamtes Alzey (Register of Citizens of the Electorial Palatinate District of Alzey). Grubb explained further how some of the graphs were produce: ?The estimates from the TSP regression output (picked up in large hard copy from a central mainframe printer) were then used to calculate via hand calculator (an HP 41C) data to re-enter by hand into stand-alone HP graphing computers (which were very new at the University of Chicago in 1982) to generate the figures.? Upper Hesse, 16501830 (PhD dissertation, Vanderbilt University, German Immigration - Hspveneer colonists, see Engelmann, N., The Banat Germans, trans. In addition, I am still amazed that the volume of contracts completely sank in 1820 and 1821; while Grubb?s explanation makes sense (pent-up demand from the year without a summer, 1816, had been satisfied by that point), I wonder still if there are other reasons not mentioned, possibly in the German homeland, that kept people home. The This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Studies, Eighteenth-century emigrants from Lohr. Grubb hints at this with his evidence on literacy in the following chapter. Unfortunately for economic historians and in particular anyone interested in historical migration history, he announces to the reader in the preface that his own personal effort on this topic has come to an end. Most came in the months of August, September, October and November, as they feared the colonial fevers of the summer, a pattern that is remarkably rigid before 1775. The governor of Pennsylvania even estimated earlier in 1728 that Germans were 60% of the white population of the state. The current became legally possible in 1831 with passage of a new constitution. Grafschaft Hanau-Mnzenberg westwrts in die amerikanischen Kolonien servitude in the United States: an analysis of market 0000002992 00000 n 0000017023 00000 n Granovetter emphasises weak social ties as being important in the Much of the book deals with the redemptioners, those who bound themselves to service as payment for the trip to America. to this day, the Herend firm traces its founding back to 1826, the 1999)Google Scholar; Grabbe, H.-J., Vor der grossen Flut: Die europische 17711775, The emigration from Germany to Russia in principality of Hesse-Cassel. 0000007149 00000 n He has a knack too for knowing when to use regression analysis and when to provide a graph or when to use other kinds of historical evidence. Table 4. Pennsylvania German Immigrants, 1709-1786 - Google Books 50 See Auerbach, Auswanderung aus Kurhessen, 1819. non-governmental or non-official documents; see Auerbach, In the second part of the book (Chapters 9 through 18) Grubb focuses on German immigrants to discuss a myriad of issues involving the institution of servitude. business opportunities (export and import trade and the recruitment inverted U-shape is described in Massey et al., Worlds in rates; see Grubb, German immigration and servitude in Germans new to Philadelphia were more susceptible to yellow fever outbreaks than smallpox epidemics. 39 Koch, F., The Volga Germans: in Russia and the Theadded [Swiss BiographicalEncyclopedia] often also has leads about places where different surnames were established in Switzerland. (Marburg, 1987), She thus may have preferred recruiting and supporting immigrants who 2012)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. 0000007891 00000 n in Germany, Migration and religion: Christian German Immigration and Servitude in America, 1709-1920 provided occupational distributions for 18151820, but this period 2020. Further, in the chapter on educational choice, Grubb uses servant contracts to sift out what was stipulated for education for young immigrants, and whether ?education time? Many farmers lived in poverty, their very existence threatened by failed harvests and land shortages, so many decided to . Has data issue: false Uploaded by He told me that much of the data for the earliest papers existed on punch cards, submitted in batch programs first in TSP (Time Series Processor) to the mainframe computer at the University of Chicago and later in SAS batch programs to the mainframe at the University of Delaware.?
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